儿童尿道口下裂看什么科此文目录1、尿道下裂哪个医院最好? 2、什么是尿道下裂? 3、孩子被检查出了尿道下裂,有哪家医院比较好的? 4、泌尿外科学的介绍 5、导致孩子尿道下裂原因有哪些?
尿道下裂哪个医院最好?
你好,很荣幸为你答疑解惑。
首选正规男科医院,专业对症,痛苦小,治愈好。尿道下裂是男性泌尿生殖系最常见的先天畸形,尿道口可分布在正常尿道口至会阴部的连线上,多数病人可伴有海绵体向腹侧弯曲。尿道下裂的发病率高达3/1000,而且根据相关报道,尿道下裂的发病率还在不断上升。目前关于尿道下裂的治疗一般都需要进行手术治疗。建议选择正规的医院做诊疗,遵医嘱用药,以免延误病情。
如果你还有什么不明白的,欢迎继续追问,祝君健康!
什么是尿道下裂?
1.什么是尿道下裂?尿道下裂,即尿道口异常,是儿童常见的先天性阴茎畸形,男性新生儿发病率约为8。除了影响孩子的正常生活,还会造成很大的心理创伤。尿道下裂的病因是一种具有一定家族倾向的多基因遗传病。目前有证据表明,重度尿道下裂患者的睾酮相对缺乏,可持续至成年。如果不治疗中度或重度尿道下裂,患者的性功能和行为可能会受到影响。尿道下裂一旦确诊,应选择合适的时机进行阴茎下弯的手术矫正,使尿道口尽可能接近正常位置,儿童能直立排尿,成人有生殖能力。手术应在儿科泌尿外科专业的大医院进行。2.尿道下裂的分类。根据异位尿道外口的位置,尿道下裂可分为四种类型:阴茎头型:尿道口位于阴茎腹侧,多为狭缝状。阴茎型:尿道口位于阴茎腹侧从冠状沟到阴囊与阴茎连接处的任何部位。阴囊型:外尿道口位于阴囊内。会阴型:外尿道口位于会阴。由于异位尿道口的远端尿道及周围组织不发达,形成纤维索并累及阴茎,尿道下裂多伴有不同程度的阴茎弯曲。3.尿道下裂的最佳手术时机。病人:尿道下裂应该什么时候治疗?是不是越早治疗越好?医生:尿道下裂的最佳手术时间是10-18个月。年龄大于6个月,体重大于10公斤,阴茎发育良好即可手术。一般要求患者在3岁左右,性心理形成之前完成治疗。对于阴茎发育不良,应首先进行内分泌检查和治疗,治疗失败的高龄患者应尽早接受治疗。治疗失败后出现尿道狭窄和排尿困难的患者应立即再次治疗。4.尿道下裂手术患者:尿道下裂手术后能达到什么样的效果?医生:尿道下裂修复的基本方法是矫正弯曲的阴茎,用自体组织重建缺失的尿道。根据尿道重建中组织移植的类型和转移方式,可分为黏膜、皮肤游离移植和带蒂局部皮瓣转移。其中心原则是尽可能恢复阴茎的长度和形状,灵活运用各种组织移植方法重建尿道。治疗尿道下裂,恢复阴茎和尿道的正常形态和功能,是整形外科的最终愿望。尿道重建的基本标准是:重建尿道直径合适,无曲折;尿道内壁光滑平整,无毛发生长;尿道外口在龟头顶部,呈纵裂状;尿液成线流动,无散射,方向性好;重建的尿道具有生长潜力,可以随阴茎一起生长发育。一般来说,正规的、有经验的专科医院,经过精心准备,是可以达到上述要求的。5、尿道下裂手术有后遗症吗?病人:手术做了,阴茎还是不发达怎么办?医生:患者到了青春期后,如果仍然存在阴茎发育不良,阴茎阴囊转位(即阴茎被埋没在阴囊内),就要考虑进行会阴局部整形,进行阴茎延长增粗手术。对于阴茎基本发育不全的患者,必须采用阴茎再造术来重建阴茎和尿道的形态和功能。
孩子被检查出了尿道下裂,有哪家医院比较好的?
尿道下裂是小儿泌尿外科常见的先天性疾病,发病率在1/150~250。一、何为尿道下裂?1、异位尿道口:开口在阴茎腹侧、正常尿道口近端至会阴部的途径上。尿道开口位置越靠近阴囊或会阴,尿道下裂的程度越严重。2、阴茎向下弯曲。开口位置越靠近龟头,弯曲程度一般越轻,甚至没有弯曲。3、包皮异常分布:阴茎头腹侧包皮未能在中线融合,全部包皮集中在阴茎头背侧呈帽状堆积。注:对于严重的尿道下裂,尤其阴囊呈裂状的病例术前必需行染色体检查和性腺检查以确认性别排除两性畸形。二、尿道下裂的原因是什么呢?是不是生育第二个小孩也会有尿道下裂?1、发病有一定的家族倾向,可能与多种遗传因素有关。2、与促性腺激素的不足有关。3、近年来,由于环境污染、农作物大量使用化肥和促生长剂,尿道下裂发病率有上升之势。4、母亲孕前、孕期应用促孕或保胎的激素对胎儿生殖系统的发良也有影响。三、那么尿道下裂有哪些的危害呢?尿道下裂常伴有阴茎向下弯曲或在阴茎勃起时疼痛难忍。如果不予纠正,严重的尿道下裂患儿需要采取坐姿排尿,并因对性生活恐惧而避免异性亲密接触。四、尿道下裂是否存在生育能力?人的生育能力取决于精子生成的数量和精子的质量,只有一定数的正常精子才会受孕而生育。尿道下裂患者只有在成年后检查精子,才能确定其是否存在生育能力,在这里,内分泌的发育正常是关键。现在我们治疗的尿道下裂患者中已有结婚生子的病例。五、目前治疗尿道下裂有哪些方法呢?哪些患儿需要手术治疗?目前,手术治疗是尿道下裂的唯一、最佳的治疗手段。除极少部分尿道开口位于阴道头部,阴茎、阴茎头外形和包皮分布没有明显异常的病例外,其余尿道下列均需接受手术治疗。六、手术治疗的最佳时机是什么时候?尿道下裂最佳手术年龄是6~12个月。6个月内阴茎发育的速度很快,6个月后阴茎发育趋于稳定,并且6个月后患儿对麻醉的耐受力明显提高,加之此时手术患儿记忆不强,手术对其的心理发育影响少,如阴茎外观正常,对将来的性行为无大的障碍。在此年龄阶段,术后疼痛与导尿管不适症状轻微,同时婴儿行动能力欠佳,使术后护理更加简便。我们还发现大年龄的儿童尿道下裂尿道成形术的并发征的发生率明显比小年龄的要高。七、那么请问手术后能达到什么样的效果?通过手术后,可以达到以下标准:1、阴茎下弯完全矫正。2、尿道口位于阴茎头尖端。3、阴茎外观接近正常,能站立排尿,成年后能进行正常性生活。八、尿道下裂术后最常出现的并发症?1、尿瘘:即排尿时漏尿,可以进行手术修补。2、尿道狭窄:尿线很细并伴有排尿困难。常需要将狭窄段尿道切除,重新进行尿道再造。3、感染:感染常可使再造的尿道出现供血不足,最后导致组织坏死,使再造尿道出现狭窄或尿瘘。九、小儿尿漏容易修补吗?一般来讲,尿瘘的修补比尿道成形手术的成功率高一些,道理很简单:补一个点比补长段尿道方便。但一些特殊情况下尿瘘修补也常常不成功,比如,尿瘘远端有狭窄、尿瘘处瘢痕严重、长段的尿道裂开(有的医生叫尿瘘)等等。另外,冠状沟处尿瘘相对较难修补、尿瘘修补时要特别注意感染情况(往往尿瘘远端尿道里会有较多细菌存在,特别是较大的尿瘘远端尿道尿液冲刷不够)。总体来讲,专科医院、专科医生的尿道手术成功率应该会高一些。十、在哪里可以得到最专业、最好的技术治疗尿道下裂?目前尿道下裂手术方法不下300种,但尚没有一种术式适合所有患者,手术的成功率也参差不齐。一次成功的尿道下裂手术,应该是阴茎伸直,尿道开口龟头并呈裂隙状,排尿通畅并无尿道憩室及尿瘘,阴茎外观类似包皮环切状,成人后能进行正常性生活。严格来说,该手术在解决患者功能缺陷的同时,也要进行外观上的整形手术,这对术者就有严格的要求。选择恰当的手术方法,丰富的临床经验,精细和熟练的手术技巧是手术成功的关键。
泌尿外科学的介绍
高考结束了,现在即将进入填报志愿的阶段,这时候除了考虑学校,还要考虑专业。有人想了解泌尿外科学是什么。接下来我为大家整理了泌尿外科学的介绍,希望对你有帮助哦!
泌尿外科
泌尿外科,是主要诊断和治疗泌尿系统“外科”部分疾病的医院科室,主要治疗各种泌尿性疾病。
治疗范围
各种尿结石和复杂性肾结石;肾脏和膀胱肿瘤;前列腺增生和前列腺炎;睾丸附睾的炎症和肿瘤;睾丸精索鞘膜积液;各种泌尿系损伤;泌尿系先天性畸形如尿道下裂、隐睾、肾盂输尿管连接部狭窄所导致的肾积水等等。
泌尿外科是个比较古老的专科,有较久的历史;但同时却又是个比较新的专科,甚至到2013年,在有的分科医院里,还是有别的专科而唯独没有泌尿外科。这说明,这个专科是重要的,但发展也是不平衡的。
区别
泌尿外科不应该叫“泌尿科”,因为它不包括与尿有关的“内科”部分,如肾炎、糖尿病、尿崩症等,这应当加以区别而避免混淆。然而情况在变化,科学在前进,不断地有新的项目由内科范围转入到泌尿外科中来,例如肾血管性高血压、肾上腺的一些疾病等,所以也必须辩证唯物地看待问题。
泌尿外科学
泌尿外科学主要内容为肾脏移植,腹腔镜手术,肾上腺腺瘤、嗜铬细胞瘤、原发性醛固酮增多症等肾上腺手术治疗,肾、膀胱、前列腺肿瘤手术,前列腺癌手术,肾盂输尿管交接部狭窄手术,肾、输尿管、膀胱结石手术治疗,经膀胱、耻骨后前列腺增生摘除手术,经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切手术,经膀胱镜应用钬激光进行膀胱肿瘤切除,尿道下裂、阴茎下屈整形等手术,体外碎石治疗肾、输尿管、膀胱结石。近年来开展了慢性前列腺炎的病因检查和治疗,以及男性性功能障碍和男性不育的诊治。
案例:梗阻性尿路疾病
Obstruction is one of the most important abnormalities of the urinary tract, since it eventually leads to decompensation of the muscular conduits and reservoirs, back pressure, and atrophy of renal parenchyma. It also invites infection and stone formation, which cause additional damage and can ultimately end in complete unilateral or bilateral destruction of the kidneys.
梗阻是泌尿道最重要的异常之一,因其最终使肌性管道及其容器失去代偿能力,发生反压及肾实质萎缩。它亦可导致感染及结石形成,加重肾脏损害,最终使一侧或双侧肾脏完全破坏。
Both the level and degree of obstruction are important to an understanding of the pathologic consequences. Any obstruction at or distal to the bladder neck may lead to back pressure affecting both kidneys. Obstruction at or proximal to the ureteral orifice leads to unilateral damage unless the lesion involves both ureters simultaneously. Complete obstruction leads to rapid decompensation of the system proximal to the site of obstruction ,with immediate muscular failure. For example, acute retention occurs if the obstruction is distal to the bladder, and anuria occurs if obstruction involves both ureters. Partial obstruction leads to gradual progressive muscular hypertrophy followed by gradual dilation. decompensation ,and hydronephrotic changs. Vesicoureteral reflux may develop in some cases.
梗阻的平面及程度对了解其病后果是重要的。膀胱颈或膀膛颈以下部位梗阻,其反压可影响双侧肾脏,而输尿管口或其近端梗阻则引起单侧损害,除非双侧输尿管同时有病变。完全梗阻可能可使梗阻以上泌尿系统迅速增值失代偿能力,伴有立刻肌力丧失。例如梗阻在膀胱以下部位可以引起急性尿潴留,而双侧输尿管发生梗阻则可出现无尿。部分梗阻则逐渐引起进行性肌肉肥厚,随后出现逐渐扩张,代偿功能丧失及肾积水变化。膀胱输尿管反流可在某些病例出现。
Etiology
病因
Acquired urinary tract obstruction may be due to inflammatory or traumatic urethral strictures, bladder outlet obstruction (benign prostatic hypertrophy or cancer of the prostate), vesical tumors, neuropathic bladder, extrinsic ureteral compression (tumor, retroperitoneal fibrosis, or enlarged lymph nodes), ureteral or pelvic stones, ureteral strictures, or ureteral or pelivic tumors.
获得性尿路梗阻可能由于炎性或损伤性尿道狭窄,膀胱出口梗阻(良性前列腺肥大或前列腺癌)、膀胱肿瘤、神经性膀胱疾病、外源性输尿管压迫(肿瘤、腹膜后纤维化或巨大的淋巴结)、输尿管结石或肾盂结石、输尿管狭窄、及输尿管或肾盂肿瘤引起。
Pathogenesis
病原学
Regardless of its cause, acquired obstruction leads to similar changes in the urinary tract, which vary depending on the severity and duration of obstruction.
不论何种原因,获得性梗阻引起尿路内相类似的改变,而改变的具体情况则因梗阻的严重程度和时间长短有所不同。
a. Urethral Changes: Proximal to the obstruction, the urethra dilates and balloons. Aurethral diverticulum may develop, and dilatation and gaping of the prostatic and ejaculatory ducts may occur.
a.尿道改变:梗阻近端尿道扩张及膨胀可发展为尿道憩室、前列腺管及射精管扩张及裂口。
b. Vesical Changes: Early, the detrusor and trigonal thickening and hypertrophy compensate for the outlet obstruction, allowing complete bladder emptying . This change leads to progressive development of bladder trabeculation, cellules, saccules, and then, diverticula. Subsequently, bladder decompensation occurs and is characterized by the above changes plus incomplete bladder emptying, resulting in residual urine. Trigonal hypertrophy leads to secondary urteral obstruction owing to increased resistance to flow through the intravesical ureter. With detrusor decompensation and residual urine accumulation, there is strectching of the hypertrophied trigone, which appreciable increases ureteral obstruction. This is the mechanism of back pressure on the kidney in the presence of vesical outlet obstruction (while the urterovesical junction maintains its competence)。 Catheter drainage of the bladder relieves trigonal stretch and improves drainage from the upper tract.
b.膀胱改变:早期为使膀胱完全排空,逼尿肌及膀胱三角增厚及肥厚,以代偿膀胱出口梗阻。这种改变逐渐发展成膀胱小梁、小腺泡、囊泡,终成为膀胱憩室,最后膀胱失去代偿功能,表现长期持征为上述改变加重,和膀胱排空不完全,最终出现残余尿。膀胱三角区肥厚可引起继发性输尿管口梗阻,这是由于尿液通过膀胱壁部分输尿管时阻力增加而造成的。由于逼尿肌失代偿及残余尿增加,肥厚的三角区过度伸展,加重输尿管梗阻,这就是由于膀胱出口梗阻对肾脏发生反压的机制(此时膀胱输尿管连接处功能健全)。膀胱置管引流减少三角区牵张,并改善上尿路引流。
A very late change with persistent obstruction (more frequently encountered with neuropathic dysfunction) is decompensation of the ureterovesical junction, leading to reflux. Reflux aggravates the back pressure effect on the upper tract by exposing it to abnormally high intravesical pressures——in addition to favoring the onset or persistence of urinary tract infection.
持续性梗阻(常由于神经原疾病膀胱功能失常)非常晚期限改变为输尿管膀胱连接处失偿导致尿液反应。面对膀胱非常高的压力,尿液反流除促使尿路发生感染或使感染持续性,还加重上尿路的反压。
c. Ureteral Changes: The first noted change is a gradually progressive increase in uretereal distention. This increases ureteral wall stretch, which in turn increase contractile power and produces ureteral hyperactivity and hypertrophy. Because the ureteral musculature runs in an irregular helical pattern, stretching of its muscular elements leads to lengthening as well as widening. This is the start of ureteral decompensation, where tortuosity and dilatation become apparent. These changes progress until the ureter becomes atonic, with infrequent and ineffective or completely absent peristalsis.
c.输尿管改变:最先可见的改变为输尿扩张逐渐增加,这就增加输尿管壁的牵张,从而增加收缩力,产生输尿管过度活动及肥厚。因为输尿管是不规则螺旋形走向,肌内成份的牵张使输尿管延长及增宽。输尿管的弯曲及扩张标志着它功能失偿的开始,这种改变继续进行直至输尿管失去张力,蠕动减少或完消失。
d. Pelvicaliceal Changes: The renal pelvis and calices, being subjected to progressively increasing volumes of retained urine, progressively distend. The pelvis first shows evidence of hyperactivity and hypertrophy and then progressive dilatation and atony. The calices show the same changes to a variable degree, depending on whether the renal pelvis is intrarenal or extrarenal. In the latter, caliceal dilatation may be minimal in spite of marked pelvic dilatation. In the intrarenal pelvis, caliceal dilatation and renal parenchymal damage are maximal. The successive phases seen with obstruction are rounding of the fornices, followed by flattening of the papillae and finally clubbing of the minor calices.
d.肾盂肾盏改变:肾盂肾盏由于承受的残余尿容量逐渐增加而扩张。肾盂早期表现是蠕动增强及肥厚,以后逐渐扩大及无张力。肾盂根据其是肾内肾盂抑或外肾盂,而呈不同程度的同样改变。如为后者,虽然肾盂已明显扩大,肾盏扩张可能不明显;而若为肾内肾盂,肾盏扩张和肾实质损害均严重。其梗阻连续相(Successive phase)所见为穹窿呈圆形,接着肾乳头呈扁平,最后肾小盏呈杵状。
e. Renal Parenchymal Changes: With progressive pelvicaliceal distention, there is parenchymal compression against the renal capsule. This, plus the more important factor of compression of the arcuate vessels as a result of the expanding distended calices, results in a marked drop in renal blood flow. This leads to progressive parenchymal compression and ischemic atrophy. Lateral groups of nephrons are affected more than central ones, leading to patchy atrophy with variable degrees of severity. The glomeruli and proximal convoluted tubules suffer most from this ischemia. Associated with the increased intrapelvic pressure, there is progressive dilation of the collecting and distal tubules, with compression and atrophy of tubular cells.
e.肾实质改变:随着肾盂肾盏进行性扩大,肾实质向包膜侧受压,加上由于肾盏扩大,向弓形动脉压迫这一重要因素终于使血流明显下降,而导致进行性肾实质受压和缺血性萎缩。侧组肾单位受累较中央组为重,而导致严重程度不等的斑状萎缩。肾小球及近曲小管受缺血损害最重。伴随肾盂内压增加,集合管及远曲小管呈进行性扩大,肾小管细胞受压和萎缩。
Clinical Findings
临床表现
a. Symptoms and Signs: The findings vary according to the site of obstruction:
症状与体征:其表现因梗阻位置而异。
Infravesical obstruction——Infravesical obstruction leads to difficulty in initiation of voiding, a weak stream, and a diminished flow rate with terminal dribbling. Burning and frequency are common associated symptoms. A distended or thickened bladder wall may be palpable. Urethral induration of a stricture, benign prostatic hypertrophy, or cancer of the prostate may be noted on rectal examination. Meatal stenosis and impacted urethral stones are readily diagnosed by physical examination.
膀胱下梗阻:膀胱下梗阻导致起始排尿困难,排尿无力及尿流率减少,伴随尿后滴沥。烧灼感及尿频为常见伴随症状。可触及膨胀或增厚的膀胱壁,肛门检查可发现狭窄部尿道变硬,良性前列腺增加或前列腺癌。尿道口狭窄和尿道嵌塞结石常可由物理学检查而获诊断。
Supravesical obstruction——Renal pain or renal colic and gastrointestinal symptoms are commonly associated. Supravesical obstruction may be completely asymptomatic when it develops gradually over a period of several weeks or months. An enlarged kidney may be palpable. Costovertebral angle tenderness may be present.
膀胱上梗阻:肾区疼痛或肾绞痛常与胃肠道症状同时出现。当膀胱上梗阻发展缓慢时。经数周或数月可完全无症状。可触及增大的肾脏。肋脊角可有压痛。
b. Laboratory Findings: Evidence of urinary infection, hematuria, or crystalluria may be seen. Impaired kidney function is noted by elevated blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine, with the ratio well above the normal 10:1 because of urea reabsorption.
b.化验结果:可观察到感染尿,血尿或晶体尿,血尿素氮及血清酐升高,由于尿素氮再吸收以致其比值高于10:1.这表明肾功能受损害。
c. X-Ray Findings: Radiologic examination is usually diagnostic in cases of stasis, tumors, and strictures. Dilatation and anatomic changes occur above the level of obstruction, whereas distal to the obstruction, the configuration is usually normal. This helps in localizing the site of obstruction .Combined antegrade imaging by intravenous urograms and retrograde imaging by ureterograms or urethrograms, depending on the site of obstruction, is sometimes needed to demonstrate the extent of the obstructed segment. In supravesical obstruction, demonstration of stasis and delayed drainage is essential to establish and measure the severity of obstruction.
c.X线表示:尿液胡滞,肿瘤或狭窄的病例,放射学检查可获诊断。梗阻平面以上有扩张和解剖学改变,而在梗阻远端形态为正常,这有助于诊断梗阻位置。根据梗阻位置有时需同时作顺利性静脉尿路造影及逆行性输尿管造影或尿道造影,以确定梗阻段的伸延。在膀胱以上梗阻,显示郁滞及延迟,引流,对于确定及估计梗阻的严重性是重要的。
d. Special Examinations:
d.特殊检查:
Antegrade urography via percutaneous needle or tube nephrostomy is of particular value when the obstructed kidney fails to excrete the radiopaque material on excretory urography. This procedure allows application of the Whitaker test, during which fluid is introduced into the renal pelvis at varying rates. The fluid transport can be measured and the degree of obstruction estimated by the use of a pressure monitor.
顺行时尿路造影:当阻塞的肾脏在排泄性尿路中造影剂不能排泄时,使用经皮针或者说导管行肾造瘘特别有价值,这种操作可施行Whitaker试验, 在试验期间液体可以不同程度注入肾盂。可测量液体转移,以压力监测器来估计梗阻程度。
Ultrasonography——This will reveal the degree of dilatation of the renal pelvis and calices and allows for diagnosis of hydronephrosis in the prenatal period.
超声显像:它可展示肾盂及肾盏的扩大程度,及可在胎儿期诊断肾积水。
Isotope studies——A technetium Tc 99m DMSA scan portrays the degree of hydronephrosis, as well as renal function. Use of diruretics during the scan can provide information similar to that obtained with the Whitaker test.
同位素检查:用锝99M DMSA扫描可了解肾盏积水程度及肾功能。在扫描时使用利尿剂可得到与Whitaker试验相似的效果。
CT scan——This may be of value in revealing the degree and site of obstruction as well as the as the cause in many cases. The use of contrast agents will allow estimation of residual renal function.
CT扫描:在某些病例,对显示梗阻部位,程度以及原因有一定价值,使用对比剂可估计残留有肾功能。
Complications
并发症
The most important complication of urinary tract obstruction is renal parenchymal atrophy as a result of back pressure. Obstruction also predisposes to infection and stone formation, and infection occurring with obstruction leads to rapid kidney destruction.
尿路梗阻最重要的并发症为反压所致的肾实质萎缩。梗阻也可以使肾脏易于感染和形成结石,而发生于梗阻的感染则可加速对肾脏的破坏。
Treatment
治疗
The aim of therapy is relief of the obstruction(eg, catheterization for relief of acute urinary retention)。 Surgery is often necessary. Simple urethral stricture may be managed conservatively by dilation or urethrotomy. However, urethroplasty may be required. Benign prostatic hypertrophy and obstructing bladder tumors require surgical removal.
治疗的目的在于解除梗阻(例如:上导尿管以解除急性尿潴留)。常常需要外科治疗。单纯尿道狭窄可用尿道扩张及尿道切开等保守法治疗,但有时需行尿道成形术。良性前列腺增生及阻塞性膀胱肿瘤需外科切除。
Impacted stones must either be removed or bypassed by a catheter if it is thought that they may pass spontaneously. If they do not pass spontaneously, the stones must be removed surgically later.
嵌顿性结石必须取石;如认为结石可能自行排出,亦可经旁道置管。如不能自行排出,以后必须手术取石。
Ureteral or ureteropelvic junction obstruction requires surgical revision and plastic repair, either by ureterovesicoplasty, ureteroureteral anastomosis, bladder flaps to bridge a gap in the lower ureter, transureteroureteral anastomosis or ureteropyeloplasty. Penal stones may be removed instrumentally via percutaneous nephrostomy or by irrigation through a tube placed directly into the kidney.
输尿道或肾盂输尿管交界梗阻需行手术矫正或行整形修补;输尿管膀胱成形术,输尿管输尿管吻合术,或输尿管肾盂成形术。在下段输尿管则可用膀胱瓣作搭桥填补缺损。肾结石可通过皮穿器械摘除,或者经皮穿刺肾造瘘或经肾直接置管进行冲洗。
Preliminary drainage above the obstruction is sometimes needed to improve kidney function. Occasionally, permanent drainage and diversion by cutaneous ureterostomy, ileal or colonic loop diversion, or permanent nephrostomy is required. If damage is advanced, nephrectomy may be indieated.
有时为改善肾功能可先在梗阻上方置管引流,有时需作永久性引流,输尿管皮肤造口尿流改道术,回肠或结肠改道或永久性肾造口等。如损害加重,可通适用肾切除。
Prognosis
预后
The prognosis depends on the cause, site, duration, and degree of kidney damage and renal decompensation. In general, relief of obstruction leads to improvement in kidney function except in seriously damaged kidneys, especially those destroyed by inflammatory scarring.
预后取决于原因,位置,病程及肾脏损害和肾脏失偿程度。一般来说,解除梗阻可使肾功能改善,除非肾脏严重受损,尤其是炎性疤痕所破坏的。
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导致孩子尿道下裂原因有哪些?
尿道下裂的原因,首先第一点是和遗传相关的,如果家族内,有尿道下裂的孩子,那么下一代,有尿道下裂的孩子的可能性是非常大的;第二,是和周围的环境污染是有明显相关性的,我们曾经有一段时间调查过,当上个世纪的九十年代前后,会有一个尿道下裂的高发期,因为那个年代农药的使用是没有节制的,泛滥的很厉害,所以河南作为一个农业大省,他们的尿道下裂的发病率,呈现了一个爆发式的增长,所以周围食物的安全,农药的使用,食品添加剂,各种雌激素,都是导致尿道下裂孩子发生的原因。而且,目前由于大环境的影响,尿道下裂的发病率,是有一个逐年增长的趋势,以前大概是五六百个男孩子里,可能有一个尿道下裂,现在尿道下裂的发病率,已经提高了1倍,大概300个孩子里,可能就有一个尿道下裂的发生。
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